Biomarkers: the invisible traces that help us care for the brain
For years, the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease was only possible when clinical symptoms had already appeared, such as memory lapses, disorientation or changes in behaviour. However, science has advanced, and we now know that the brain begins to change much earlier. These molecular alterations, although still invisible, can be identified thanks to biomarkers. Therefore, they act as small biological traces capable of anticipating what cannot yet be seen.
What are biomarkers and why are they essential?
Biomarkers are measurable indicators that reflect the state of a pathology within the organ of interest, in this case, the brain. In this way, they allow the disease to be detected early, even before clinical symptoms appear. They can be found in the blood, in cerebrospinal fluid or in brain images obtained through advanced techniques such as positron emission tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, medicine has access to a window of opportunity that opens the door to prevention, care and more effective support.
Types of biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers:
These are the standard biomarkers used in clinical practice. Moreover, they make it possible to measure the main proteins involved in the development of the disease, such as beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau, which accumulate abnormally in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s.
- Blood biomarkers:
These biomarkers are still in research phases. Even so, they are expected to enter clinical practice soon due to their excellent results to date. New technologies have made it possible to detect Alzheimer-related proteins in a less invasive way. As a result, blood tests will become more accessible to the wider population.
- Imaging biomarkers:
Also used in medical consultations, PET scans and magnetic resonance imaging help visualise the accumulation of Alzheimer-related proteins and structural changes in the brain. Consequently, each type of biomarker provides an essential piece for achieving a more complete and accurate diagnosis. At the same time, they help facilitate early detection of the disease.
The impact of biomarkers on care and research
The use of biomarkers has revolutionised the approach to Alzheimer’s disease, as it has enabled a change in paradigm. Likewise, the goal is no longer only to diagnose the disease, but also to anticipate it and personalise care. Furthermore, these advances make it possible to confirm diagnoses with greater certainty, detect the disease before visible symptoms appear, include individuals in clinical trials and personalised therapies, and better understand how the disease progresses in each person.
As a consequence, research involving biomarkers not only expands scientific knowledge but also transforms the way we support individuals and their families. Therefore, it allows for faster responses and more effective support.
